Handbook

1. Origin and nature of crude oil overview of the Petroleum refinery. 2. Petroleum processing operations Hydrotreating, desulphurisation, denitrogenation, demetallation, deoxygenation, hydrocracking. Process description flow sheet, hydrogen supply, operating conditions, reactor types. 3) Catalytic cracking: Feed classification, supply and associated reactions. Mechanism of catalytic cracking. Cracking catalysts bifunctionality, properties, testing, coking and longevity. Process Engineering operating variables, reactor types and arrangement, design of fluid catalytic crackers. 4) Catalytic Reforming: Thermodynamics of catalytic reforming Individual reactions. The balance between catalyst efficiency and catalyst life. Catalysts. Deactivation. Reactor design. Residue Processing. Production of fuels, residues and carbon.